Ketika Tugas Menyeruak

The Arts – vast subdivision of culture, composed of many creative endeavors and disciplines. The arts encompasses visual arts, literary arts and the performing arts. • Gastronomy – the art and science of good eating, including the study of food and culture. • Food preparation – act of preparing foodstuffs for eating. It encompasses a vast range of methods, tools, and combinations of ingredients to improve the flavour and digestibility of food. • Food and drink • Cuisines – a cuisine is a specific set of cooking traditions and practices, often associated with a specific culture. • Chocolate – raw or processed food produced from the seed of the tropical Theobroma cacao tree. • Wine – alcoholic beverage, made of fermented fruit juice, usually from grapes. Literature – the art of written works. • Fiction – any form of narrative which deals, in part or in whole, with events that are not factual, but rather, imaginary and invented by its author(s). • Poetry – literary art in which language is used for its aesthetic and evocative qualities in addition to, or in lieu of, its apparent meaning. • Critical theory – examination and critique of society and culture, drawing from knowledge across the social sciences and humanities. • Visual arts – art forms that create works which are primarily visual in nature. • Architecture – The art and science of designing and erecting buildings and other physical structures. • Classical architecture – architecture of classical antiquity and later architectural styles influenced by it. • Crafts – recreational activities and hobbies that involve making things with one’s hands and skill. • Drawing – visual art that makes use of any number of drawing instruments to mark a two-dimensional medium. • Film – moving pictures. • Painting – practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a surface with a brush or other object. • History of painting • Photography – art, science, and practice of creating pictures by recording radiation on a radiation-sensitive medium, such as a photographic film, or electronic image sensors. • Sculpture – three-dimensional artwork created by shaping or combining hard materials - typically stone such as marble - or metal, glass, or wood. Performing arts – those forms of art that use the artist’s own body, face, and presence as a medium. • Dance – art form of movement of the body, usually rhythmic and to music, used as a form of expression, social interaction, or presented in a spiritual or performance setting. • Film – moving pictures, the art form that records performances visually. • Theatre – collaborative form of fine art that uses live performers to present the experience of a real or imagined event before a live audience in a specific place. • Music – art form the medium of which is sound and silence. • Music genres • Jazz – musical style that originated at the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States, mixing African and European music traditions. • Opera – art form in which singers and musicians perform a dramatic work combining text (called a libretto) and musical score. • Musical instruments – devices created or adapted for the purpose of making musical sounds. • Guitars – the guitar is a plucked string instrument, usually played with fingers or a pick. The guitar consists of a body with a rigid neck to which the strings, generally six in number, are attached. Guitars are traditionally constructed of various woods and strung with animal gut or, more recently, with either nylon or steel strings. • Stagecraft – technical aspects of theatrical, film, and video production. It includes, but is not limited to, constructing and rigging scenery, hanging and focusing of lighting, design and procurement of costumes, makeup, procurement of props, stage management, and recording and mixing of sound. • Celebration – • Festivals – entertainment events centering on and celebrating a unique aspect of a community, usually staged by that community. • Entertainment – any activity which provides a diversion or permits people to amuse themselves in their leisure time. Entertainment is generally passive, such as watching opera or a movie. • Fiction – any form of narrative which deals, in part or in whole, with events that are not factual, but rather, imaginary and invented by its author(s). • James Bond – fictional character created in 1953 by writer Ian Fleming. Since then, the character has grown to icon status, featured in many novels, movies, video games and other media. • Fantasy – genre of fiction using magic and the supernatural as primary elements of plot, theme or setting, often in imaginary worlds, generally avoiding the technical/scientific content typical of Science fiction, but overlapping with it • Middle-earth – fantasy setting by writer J.R.R. Tolkien, home to hobbits, orcs, and many other mystical races and creatures. • Science fiction – a genre of fiction dealing with imaginary but more or less plausible (or at least nonsupernatural) content such as future settings, futuristic science and technology, space travel, aliens, and paranormal abilities. Exploring the consequences of scientific innovations is one purpose of science fiction, making it a “literature of ideas”. • Games – structured playing, usually undertaken for enjoyment, involving goals, rules, challenge, and interaction. • Board games • Chess – two-player board game played on a chessboard, a square-checkered board with 64 squares arranged in an eight-by-eight grid. Each player begins the game with sixteen pieces: One king, one queen, two rooks, two knights, two bishops, and eight pawns. • Card games • Poker – family of card games that share betting rules and usually (but not always) hand rankings. • Video games – electronic games that involves interaction with a user interface to generate visual feedback on a video device. • Sports – organized, competitive, entertaining, and skillful activity requiring commitment, strategy, and fair play, in which a winner can be defined by objective means. Generally speaking, a sport is a game based in physical athleticism. • Ball games • Basketball – team sport in which two teams of five players try to score points by throwing or “shooting” a ball through the top of a basketball hoop while following a set of rules. • Cricket – bat-and-ball team sport, the most popular form played on an oval-shaped outdoor arena known as a cricket field at the centre of which is a rectangular 22-yard (20.12 m) long pitch that is the focus of the game. • Tennis – sport usually played between two players (singles) or between two teams of two players each (doubles), using specialized racquets to strike a felt-covered hollow rubber ball over a net into the opponent’s court. • Canoeing and kayaking – two closely related forms of watercraft paddling, involving manually propelling and navigating specialized boats called canoes and kayaks using a blade that is joined to a shaft, known as a paddle, in the water. • Combat sports • Fencing – family of combat sports using bladed weapons. It is also known as French swordfighting or French swordfencing. • Martial arts – extensive systems of codified practices and traditions of combat, practiced for a variety of reasons, including self-defense, competition, physical health and fitness, as well as mental and spiritual development. • Motorcycling – riding a motorcycle. A variety of subcultures and lifestyles have been built up around motorcycling and motorcycle racing. • Running – moving rapidly on foot, during which both feet are off the ground at regular intervals. • Humanities – academic disciplines that study the human condition, using methods that are primarily analytical, critical, or speculative, as distinguished from the mainly empirical approaches of the natural sciences. • Area studies – comprehensive interdisciplinary research and academic study of the people and communities of particular regions. Disciplines applied include history, political science, sociology, cultural studies, languages, geography, literature, and related disciplines. • Sinology – study of China and things related to China, such as its classical language and literature. • Classical studies – branch of the Humanities comprising the languages, literature, philosophy, history, art, archaeology and all other cultural elements of the ancient Mediterranean world (Bronze Age ca. BC 3000 – Late Antiquity ca. AD 300–600); especially Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. The Difference Between Culture and Civilization Civilization in theory is bigger than culture in which an entire civilization can encompass one single unit of culture. Civilization is a bigger unit than culture because it is a complex aggregate of the society that dwells within a certain area, along with its forms of government, norms, and even culture. Thus, culture is just a spec or a portion of an entire civilization. For example, the Egyptian civilization has an Egyptian culture in the same way as the Greek civilization has their Greek culture. A culture ordinarily exists within a civilization. In this regard, each civilization can contain not only one but several cultures. Comparing culture and civilization is like showing the difference between language and the country to which it is being used. Culture can exist in itself whereas civilization cannot be called a civilization if it does not possess a certain culture. It’s just like asking how a nation can exist on its own without the use of a medium of communication. Hence, a civilization will become empty if it does not have its culture, no matter how little it is. Culture can be something that is tangible and it can also be something that isn’t. Culture can become a physical material if it is a product of the beliefs, customs and practices of a certain people with a definite culture. But a civilization is something that can be seen as a whole and it is more or less tangible although its basic components, like culture, can be immaterial. Culture can be learned and in the same manner it can also be transmitted from one generation to the next. Using a medium of speech and communication, it is possible for a certain type of culture to evolve and even be inherited by another group of people. On the other hand, civilization cannot be transferred by mere language alone. Because of its complexity and magnitude, you need to transfer all of the raw aggregates of a civilization for it to be entirely passed on. It just grows, degrades and may eventually end if all its subunits will fail. Definition Culture According to Experts • Sir E. B. Tylor, in the opening lines of his book Primitive Cultures (1871): “Culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, customs and other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society”. • Margaret Mead (1901-1978): Culture is the learned behaviour of a society or a subgroup. • Clifford Geertz (1926-2006): Culture is simply the ensemble of stories we tell ourselves about ourselves. • Raymond Williams (1921-1988, Cultural Studies): Culture is ordinary: that is the first fact. Every human society has its own shape, its own purposes, its own meanings. Every human society expresses these, in institutions, and in arts and learning. • During, S. (1993): Culture is a notoriously ambiguous concept as the above definition demonstrates. Refracted through centuries of usage, the word has acquired a number of quite different, often contradictory, meanings. More specifically, since the end of the eighteenth century, it has been used by English intellectuals and literary figures to focus critical attention on a whole range of controversial issues. • Hall, S. (Ed.) (1997): ‘Culture’ is one of the most difficult concepts in the human and social sciences and there are many different ways of defining it. In more traditional definitions of the term, culture is said to embody the ‘best that has been thought and said’ in a society. It is the sum of the great ideas, as represented in the classic works of literature, painting, music and philosophy – the ‘high culture’ of an era. • Edward Burnett Tylor (1832-1917 Anthropology): “Culture taken, in its wide ethnographic sense is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society. The conditions of culture among the various societies of mankind, in so far as it is capable of being investigated on general principles, is a subject apt for the study of laws of human thought and action”. • Franz Boas (1858-1942, Anthropology): “Culture embraces all the manifestations of social habits of a community, the reactions of the individual as affected by the habits of the group in which he lives, and the product of human activities as determined by these habits.” Definition Cultural Interaction and Example Cultural Interaction is a complex process, involving different human beings within different formations. It is an interactive process between two or more partners. When many different cultures live together in one society, misunderstandings, biases, and judgments are inevitable—but fair evaluations, relationships, and learning experiences are also possible. Cultures cannot remain entirely separate, no matter how different they are, and the resulting effects are varied and widespread. Ethnocentrism is the tendency to judge another culture by the standards of one’s own culture. Ethnocentrism usually entails the notion that one’s own culture is superior to everyone else’s. Example: Americans tend to value technological advancement, industrialization, and the accumulation of wealth. An American, applying his or her own standards to a culture that does not value those things, may view that culture as “primitive” or “uncivilized.” Such labels are not just statements but judgments: they imply that it is better to be urbanized and industrialized than it is to carry on another kind of lifestyle. People in other cultures, such as some European cultures, also see American culture through the lens of their own ethnocentrism. To members of other cultures, Americans may seem materialistic, brash, or arrogant, with little intellectual subtlety or spirituality. Many Americans would disagree with that assessment. Bibliography Arlt, Herbert. “Culture, Civilization and Human Society – Vol. II – Cultural Interaction” Retrived from http://www.eolss.net/Sample-Chapters/C04/E6-23-04.pdf. (Last Accessed on October 20th,2012). http://www.google.co.id/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CCEQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nca.edu.pk%2Fcultural%2Fculturedemocracy%2Fdownloads%2FCulture%2520Handout.doc&ei=8_-BUNqKEsHHrQfI44GQDQ&usg=AFQjCNH0OeoRnLPE7J42XOmAvK0YjjsnYg. (Last Accessed on October 20th,2012). “Outline of Culture” Retrived from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_culture. (Last Accessed on October 20th,2012). “The Interaction of Culture” Retrived from http://www.sparknotes.com/sociology/society-and-culture/section7.rhtml. (Last Accessed on October 20th,2012). Name: Ibnu Martanto Class: 4SA02 NPM: 11609392