Ketika Tugas Menyeruak

The Arts – vast subdivision of culture, composed of many creative endeavors and disciplines. The arts encompasses visual arts, literary arts and the performing arts. • Gastronomy – the art and science of good eating, including the study of food and culture. • Food preparation – act of preparing foodstuffs for eating. It encompasses a vast range of methods, tools, and combinations of ingredients to improve the flavour and digestibility of food. • Food and drink • Cuisines – a cuisine is a specific set of cooking traditions and practices, often associated with a specific culture. • Chocolate – raw or processed food produced from the seed of the tropical Theobroma cacao tree. • Wine – alcoholic beverage, made of fermented fruit juice, usually from grapes. Literature – the art of written works. • Fiction – any form of narrative which deals, in part or in whole, with events that are not factual, but rather, imaginary and invented by its author(s). • Poetry – literary art in which language is used for its aesthetic and evocative qualities in addition to, or in lieu of, its apparent meaning. • Critical theory – examination and critique of society and culture, drawing from knowledge across the social sciences and humanities. • Visual arts – art forms that create works which are primarily visual in nature. • Architecture – The art and science of designing and erecting buildings and other physical structures. • Classical architecture – architecture of classical antiquity and later architectural styles influenced by it. • Crafts – recreational activities and hobbies that involve making things with one’s hands and skill. • Drawing – visual art that makes use of any number of drawing instruments to mark a two-dimensional medium. • Film – moving pictures. • Painting – practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a surface with a brush or other object. • History of painting • Photography – art, science, and practice of creating pictures by recording radiation on a radiation-sensitive medium, such as a photographic film, or electronic image sensors. • Sculpture – three-dimensional artwork created by shaping or combining hard materials - typically stone such as marble - or metal, glass, or wood. Performing arts – those forms of art that use the artist’s own body, face, and presence as a medium. • Dance – art form of movement of the body, usually rhythmic and to music, used as a form of expression, social interaction, or presented in a spiritual or performance setting. • Film – moving pictures, the art form that records performances visually. • Theatre – collaborative form of fine art that uses live performers to present the experience of a real or imagined event before a live audience in a specific place. • Music – art form the medium of which is sound and silence. • Music genres • Jazz – musical style that originated at the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States, mixing African and European music traditions. • Opera – art form in which singers and musicians perform a dramatic work combining text (called a libretto) and musical score. • Musical instruments – devices created or adapted for the purpose of making musical sounds. • Guitars – the guitar is a plucked string instrument, usually played with fingers or a pick. The guitar consists of a body with a rigid neck to which the strings, generally six in number, are attached. Guitars are traditionally constructed of various woods and strung with animal gut or, more recently, with either nylon or steel strings. • Stagecraft – technical aspects of theatrical, film, and video production. It includes, but is not limited to, constructing and rigging scenery, hanging and focusing of lighting, design and procurement of costumes, makeup, procurement of props, stage management, and recording and mixing of sound. • Celebration – • Festivals – entertainment events centering on and celebrating a unique aspect of a community, usually staged by that community. • Entertainment – any activity which provides a diversion or permits people to amuse themselves in their leisure time. Entertainment is generally passive, such as watching opera or a movie. • Fiction – any form of narrative which deals, in part or in whole, with events that are not factual, but rather, imaginary and invented by its author(s). • James Bond – fictional character created in 1953 by writer Ian Fleming. Since then, the character has grown to icon status, featured in many novels, movies, video games and other media. • Fantasy – genre of fiction using magic and the supernatural as primary elements of plot, theme or setting, often in imaginary worlds, generally avoiding the technical/scientific content typical of Science fiction, but overlapping with it • Middle-earth – fantasy setting by writer J.R.R. Tolkien, home to hobbits, orcs, and many other mystical races and creatures. • Science fiction – a genre of fiction dealing with imaginary but more or less plausible (or at least nonsupernatural) content such as future settings, futuristic science and technology, space travel, aliens, and paranormal abilities. Exploring the consequences of scientific innovations is one purpose of science fiction, making it a “literature of ideas”. • Games – structured playing, usually undertaken for enjoyment, involving goals, rules, challenge, and interaction. • Board games • Chess – two-player board game played on a chessboard, a square-checkered board with 64 squares arranged in an eight-by-eight grid. Each player begins the game with sixteen pieces: One king, one queen, two rooks, two knights, two bishops, and eight pawns. • Card games • Poker – family of card games that share betting rules and usually (but not always) hand rankings. • Video games – electronic games that involves interaction with a user interface to generate visual feedback on a video device. • Sports – organized, competitive, entertaining, and skillful activity requiring commitment, strategy, and fair play, in which a winner can be defined by objective means. Generally speaking, a sport is a game based in physical athleticism. • Ball games • Basketball – team sport in which two teams of five players try to score points by throwing or “shooting” a ball through the top of a basketball hoop while following a set of rules. • Cricket – bat-and-ball team sport, the most popular form played on an oval-shaped outdoor arena known as a cricket field at the centre of which is a rectangular 22-yard (20.12 m) long pitch that is the focus of the game. • Tennis – sport usually played between two players (singles) or between two teams of two players each (doubles), using specialized racquets to strike a felt-covered hollow rubber ball over a net into the opponent’s court. • Canoeing and kayaking – two closely related forms of watercraft paddling, involving manually propelling and navigating specialized boats called canoes and kayaks using a blade that is joined to a shaft, known as a paddle, in the water. • Combat sports • Fencing – family of combat sports using bladed weapons. It is also known as French swordfighting or French swordfencing. • Martial arts – extensive systems of codified practices and traditions of combat, practiced for a variety of reasons, including self-defense, competition, physical health and fitness, as well as mental and spiritual development. • Motorcycling – riding a motorcycle. A variety of subcultures and lifestyles have been built up around motorcycling and motorcycle racing. • Running – moving rapidly on foot, during which both feet are off the ground at regular intervals. • Humanities – academic disciplines that study the human condition, using methods that are primarily analytical, critical, or speculative, as distinguished from the mainly empirical approaches of the natural sciences. • Area studies – comprehensive interdisciplinary research and academic study of the people and communities of particular regions. Disciplines applied include history, political science, sociology, cultural studies, languages, geography, literature, and related disciplines. • Sinology – study of China and things related to China, such as its classical language and literature. • Classical studies – branch of the Humanities comprising the languages, literature, philosophy, history, art, archaeology and all other cultural elements of the ancient Mediterranean world (Bronze Age ca. BC 3000 – Late Antiquity ca. AD 300–600); especially Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. The Difference Between Culture and Civilization Civilization in theory is bigger than culture in which an entire civilization can encompass one single unit of culture. Civilization is a bigger unit than culture because it is a complex aggregate of the society that dwells within a certain area, along with its forms of government, norms, and even culture. Thus, culture is just a spec or a portion of an entire civilization. For example, the Egyptian civilization has an Egyptian culture in the same way as the Greek civilization has their Greek culture. A culture ordinarily exists within a civilization. In this regard, each civilization can contain not only one but several cultures. Comparing culture and civilization is like showing the difference between language and the country to which it is being used. Culture can exist in itself whereas civilization cannot be called a civilization if it does not possess a certain culture. It’s just like asking how a nation can exist on its own without the use of a medium of communication. Hence, a civilization will become empty if it does not have its culture, no matter how little it is. Culture can be something that is tangible and it can also be something that isn’t. Culture can become a physical material if it is a product of the beliefs, customs and practices of a certain people with a definite culture. But a civilization is something that can be seen as a whole and it is more or less tangible although its basic components, like culture, can be immaterial. Culture can be learned and in the same manner it can also be transmitted from one generation to the next. Using a medium of speech and communication, it is possible for a certain type of culture to evolve and even be inherited by another group of people. On the other hand, civilization cannot be transferred by mere language alone. Because of its complexity and magnitude, you need to transfer all of the raw aggregates of a civilization for it to be entirely passed on. It just grows, degrades and may eventually end if all its subunits will fail. Definition Culture According to Experts • Sir E. B. Tylor, in the opening lines of his book Primitive Cultures (1871): “Culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, customs and other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society”. • Margaret Mead (1901-1978): Culture is the learned behaviour of a society or a subgroup. • Clifford Geertz (1926-2006): Culture is simply the ensemble of stories we tell ourselves about ourselves. • Raymond Williams (1921-1988, Cultural Studies): Culture is ordinary: that is the first fact. Every human society has its own shape, its own purposes, its own meanings. Every human society expresses these, in institutions, and in arts and learning. • During, S. (1993): Culture is a notoriously ambiguous concept as the above definition demonstrates. Refracted through centuries of usage, the word has acquired a number of quite different, often contradictory, meanings. More specifically, since the end of the eighteenth century, it has been used by English intellectuals and literary figures to focus critical attention on a whole range of controversial issues. • Hall, S. (Ed.) (1997): ‘Culture’ is one of the most difficult concepts in the human and social sciences and there are many different ways of defining it. In more traditional definitions of the term, culture is said to embody the ‘best that has been thought and said’ in a society. It is the sum of the great ideas, as represented in the classic works of literature, painting, music and philosophy – the ‘high culture’ of an era. • Edward Burnett Tylor (1832-1917 Anthropology): “Culture taken, in its wide ethnographic sense is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society. The conditions of culture among the various societies of mankind, in so far as it is capable of being investigated on general principles, is a subject apt for the study of laws of human thought and action”. • Franz Boas (1858-1942, Anthropology): “Culture embraces all the manifestations of social habits of a community, the reactions of the individual as affected by the habits of the group in which he lives, and the product of human activities as determined by these habits.” Definition Cultural Interaction and Example Cultural Interaction is a complex process, involving different human beings within different formations. It is an interactive process between two or more partners. When many different cultures live together in one society, misunderstandings, biases, and judgments are inevitable—but fair evaluations, relationships, and learning experiences are also possible. Cultures cannot remain entirely separate, no matter how different they are, and the resulting effects are varied and widespread. Ethnocentrism is the tendency to judge another culture by the standards of one’s own culture. Ethnocentrism usually entails the notion that one’s own culture is superior to everyone else’s. Example: Americans tend to value technological advancement, industrialization, and the accumulation of wealth. An American, applying his or her own standards to a culture that does not value those things, may view that culture as “primitive” or “uncivilized.” Such labels are not just statements but judgments: they imply that it is better to be urbanized and industrialized than it is to carry on another kind of lifestyle. People in other cultures, such as some European cultures, also see American culture through the lens of their own ethnocentrism. To members of other cultures, Americans may seem materialistic, brash, or arrogant, with little intellectual subtlety or spirituality. Many Americans would disagree with that assessment. Bibliography Arlt, Herbert. “Culture, Civilization and Human Society – Vol. II – Cultural Interaction” Retrived from http://www.eolss.net/Sample-Chapters/C04/E6-23-04.pdf. (Last Accessed on October 20th,2012). http://www.google.co.id/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CCEQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nca.edu.pk%2Fcultural%2Fculturedemocracy%2Fdownloads%2FCulture%2520Handout.doc&ei=8_-BUNqKEsHHrQfI44GQDQ&usg=AFQjCNH0OeoRnLPE7J42XOmAvK0YjjsnYg. (Last Accessed on October 20th,2012). “Outline of Culture” Retrived from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_culture. (Last Accessed on October 20th,2012). “The Interaction of Culture” Retrived from http://www.sparknotes.com/sociology/society-and-culture/section7.rhtml. (Last Accessed on October 20th,2012).

The Arts – vast subdivision of culture, composed of many creative endeavors and disciplines. The arts encompasses visual arts, literary arts and the performing arts. • Gastronomy – the art and science of good eating, including the study of food and culture. • Food preparation – act of preparing foodstuffs for eating. It encompasses a vast range of methods, tools, and combinations of ingredients to improve the flavour and digestibility of food. • Food and drink • Cuisines – a cuisine is a specific set of cooking traditions and practices, often associated with a specific culture. • Chocolate – raw or processed food produced from the seed of the tropical Theobroma cacao tree. • Wine – alcoholic beverage, made of fermented fruit juice, usually from grapes. Literature – the art of written works. • Fiction – any form of narrative which deals, in part or in whole, with events that are not factual, but rather, imaginary and invented by its author(s). • Poetry – literary art in which language is used for its aesthetic and evocative qualities in addition to, or in lieu of, its apparent meaning. • Critical theory – examination and critique of society and culture, drawing from knowledge across the social sciences and humanities. • Visual arts – art forms that create works which are primarily visual in nature. • Architecture – The art and science of designing and erecting buildings and other physical structures. • Classical architecture – architecture of classical antiquity and later architectural styles influenced by it. • Crafts – recreational activities and hobbies that involve making things with one’s hands and skill. • Drawing – visual art that makes use of any number of drawing instruments to mark a two-dimensional medium. • Film – moving pictures. • Painting – practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a surface with a brush or other object. • History of painting • Photography – art, science, and practice of creating pictures by recording radiation on a radiation-sensitive medium, such as a photographic film, or electronic image sensors. • Sculpture – three-dimensional artwork created by shaping or combining hard materials - typically stone such as marble - or metal, glass, or wood. Performing arts – those forms of art that use the artist’s own body, face, and presence as a medium. • Dance – art form of movement of the body, usually rhythmic and to music, used as a form of expression, social interaction, or presented in a spiritual or performance setting. • Film – moving pictures, the art form that records performances visually. • Theatre – collaborative form of fine art that uses live performers to present the experience of a real or imagined event before a live audience in a specific place. • Music – art form the medium of which is sound and silence. • Music genres • Jazz – musical style that originated at the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States, mixing African and European music traditions. • Opera – art form in which singers and musicians perform a dramatic work combining text (called a libretto) and musical score. • Musical instruments – devices created or adapted for the purpose of making musical sounds. • Guitars – the guitar is a plucked string instrument, usually played with fingers or a pick. The guitar consists of a body with a rigid neck to which the strings, generally six in number, are attached. Guitars are traditionally constructed of various woods and strung with animal gut or, more recently, with either nylon or steel strings. • Stagecraft – technical aspects of theatrical, film, and video production. It includes, but is not limited to, constructing and rigging scenery, hanging and focusing of lighting, design and procurement of costumes, makeup, procurement of props, stage management, and recording and mixing of sound. • Celebration – • Festivals – entertainment events centering on and celebrating a unique aspect of a community, usually staged by that community. • Entertainment – any activity which provides a diversion or permits people to amuse themselves in their leisure time. Entertainment is generally passive, such as watching opera or a movie. • Fiction – any form of narrative which deals, in part or in whole, with events that are not factual, but rather, imaginary and invented by its author(s). • James Bond – fictional character created in 1953 by writer Ian Fleming. Since then, the character has grown to icon status, featured in many novels, movies, video games and other media. • Fantasy – genre of fiction using magic and the supernatural as primary elements of plot, theme or setting, often in imaginary worlds, generally avoiding the technical/scientific content typical of Science fiction, but overlapping with it • Middle-earth – fantasy setting by writer J.R.R. Tolkien, home to hobbits, orcs, and many other mystical races and creatures. • Science fiction – a genre of fiction dealing with imaginary but more or less plausible (or at least nonsupernatural) content such as future settings, futuristic science and technology, space travel, aliens, and paranormal abilities. Exploring the consequences of scientific innovations is one purpose of science fiction, making it a “literature of ideas”. • Games – structured playing, usually undertaken for enjoyment, involving goals, rules, challenge, and interaction. • Board games • Chess – two-player board game played on a chessboard, a square-checkered board with 64 squares arranged in an eight-by-eight grid. Each player begins the game with sixteen pieces: One king, one queen, two rooks, two knights, two bishops, and eight pawns. • Card games • Poker – family of card games that share betting rules and usually (but not always) hand rankings. • Video games – electronic games that involves interaction with a user interface to generate visual feedback on a video device. • Sports – organized, competitive, entertaining, and skillful activity requiring commitment, strategy, and fair play, in which a winner can be defined by objective means. Generally speaking, a sport is a game based in physical athleticism. • Ball games • Basketball – team sport in which two teams of five players try to score points by throwing or “shooting” a ball through the top of a basketball hoop while following a set of rules. • Cricket – bat-and-ball team sport, the most popular form played on an oval-shaped outdoor arena known as a cricket field at the centre of which is a rectangular 22-yard (20.12 m) long pitch that is the focus of the game. • Tennis – sport usually played between two players (singles) or between two teams of two players each (doubles), using specialized racquets to strike a felt-covered hollow rubber ball over a net into the opponent’s court. • Canoeing and kayaking – two closely related forms of watercraft paddling, involving manually propelling and navigating specialized boats called canoes and kayaks using a blade that is joined to a shaft, known as a paddle, in the water. • Combat sports • Fencing – family of combat sports using bladed weapons. It is also known as French swordfighting or French swordfencing. • Martial arts – extensive systems of codified practices and traditions of combat, practiced for a variety of reasons, including self-defense, competition, physical health and fitness, as well as mental and spiritual development. • Motorcycling – riding a motorcycle. A variety of subcultures and lifestyles have been built up around motorcycling and motorcycle racing. • Running – moving rapidly on foot, during which both feet are off the ground at regular intervals. • Humanities – academic disciplines that study the human condition, using methods that are primarily analytical, critical, or speculative, as distinguished from the mainly empirical approaches of the natural sciences. • Area studies – comprehensive interdisciplinary research and academic study of the people and communities of particular regions. Disciplines applied include history, political science, sociology, cultural studies, languages, geography, literature, and related disciplines. • Sinology – study of China and things related to China, such as its classical language and literature. • Classical studies – branch of the Humanities comprising the languages, literature, philosophy, history, art, archaeology and all other cultural elements of the ancient Mediterranean world (Bronze Age ca. BC 3000 – Late Antiquity ca. AD 300–600); especially Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. The Difference Between Culture and Civilization Civilization in theory is bigger than culture in which an entire civilization can encompass one single unit of culture. Civilization is a bigger unit than culture because it is a complex aggregate of the society that dwells within a certain area, along with its forms of government, norms, and even culture. Thus, culture is just a spec or a portion of an entire civilization. For example, the Egyptian civilization has an Egyptian culture in the same way as the Greek civilization has their Greek culture. A culture ordinarily exists within a civilization. In this regard, each civilization can contain not only one but several cultures. Comparing culture and civilization is like showing the difference between language and the country to which it is being used. Culture can exist in itself whereas civilization cannot be called a civilization if it does not possess a certain culture. It’s just like asking how a nation can exist on its own without the use of a medium of communication. Hence, a civilization will become empty if it does not have its culture, no matter how little it is. Culture can be something that is tangible and it can also be something that isn’t. Culture can become a physical material if it is a product of the beliefs, customs and practices of a certain people with a definite culture. But a civilization is something that can be seen as a whole and it is more or less tangible although its basic components, like culture, can be immaterial. Culture can be learned and in the same manner it can also be transmitted from one generation to the next. Using a medium of speech and communication, it is possible for a certain type of culture to evolve and even be inherited by another group of people. On the other hand, civilization cannot be transferred by mere language alone. Because of its complexity and magnitude, you need to transfer all of the raw aggregates of a civilization for it to be entirely passed on. It just grows, degrades and may eventually end if all its subunits will fail. Definition Culture According to Experts • Sir E. B. Tylor, in the opening lines of his book Primitive Cultures (1871): “Culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, customs and other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society”. • Margaret Mead (1901-1978): Culture is the learned behaviour of a society or a subgroup. • Clifford Geertz (1926-2006): Culture is simply the ensemble of stories we tell ourselves about ourselves. • Raymond Williams (1921-1988, Cultural Studies): Culture is ordinary: that is the first fact. Every human society has its own shape, its own purposes, its own meanings. Every human society expresses these, in institutions, and in arts and learning. • During, S. (1993): Culture is a notoriously ambiguous concept as the above definition demonstrates. Refracted through centuries of usage, the word has acquired a number of quite different, often contradictory, meanings. More specifically, since the end of the eighteenth century, it has been used by English intellectuals and literary figures to focus critical attention on a whole range of controversial issues. • Hall, S. (Ed.) (1997): ‘Culture’ is one of the most difficult concepts in the human and social sciences and there are many different ways of defining it. In more traditional definitions of the term, culture is said to embody the ‘best that has been thought and said’ in a society. It is the sum of the great ideas, as represented in the classic works of literature, painting, music and philosophy – the ‘high culture’ of an era. • Edward Burnett Tylor (1832-1917 Anthropology): “Culture taken, in its wide ethnographic sense is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society. The conditions of culture among the various societies of mankind, in so far as it is capable of being investigated on general principles, is a subject apt for the study of laws of human thought and action”. • Franz Boas (1858-1942, Anthropology): “Culture embraces all the manifestations of social habits of a community, the reactions of the individual as affected by the habits of the group in which he lives, and the product of human activities as determined by these habits.” Definition Cultural Interaction and Example Cultural Interaction is a complex process, involving different human beings within different formations. It is an interactive process between two or more partners. When many different cultures live together in one society, misunderstandings, biases, and judgments are inevitable—but fair evaluations, relationships, and learning experiences are also possible. Cultures cannot remain entirely separate, no matter how different they are, and the resulting effects are varied and widespread. Ethnocentrism is the tendency to judge another culture by the standards of one’s own culture. Ethnocentrism usually entails the notion that one’s own culture is superior to everyone else’s. Example: Americans tend to value technological advancement, industrialization, and the accumulation of wealth. An American, applying his or her own standards to a culture that does not value those things, may view that culture as “primitive” or “uncivilized.” Such labels are not just statements but judgments: they imply that it is better to be urbanized and industrialized than it is to carry on another kind of lifestyle. People in other cultures, such as some European cultures, also see American culture through the lens of their own ethnocentrism. To members of other cultures, Americans may seem materialistic, brash, or arrogant, with little intellectual subtlety or spirituality. Many Americans would disagree with that assessment. Bibliography Arlt, Herbert. “Culture, Civilization and Human Society – Vol. II – Cultural Interaction” Retrived from http://www.eolss.net/Sample-Chapters/C04/E6-23-04.pdf. (Last Accessed on October 20th,2012). http://www.google.co.id/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CCEQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nca.edu.pk%2Fcultural%2Fculturedemocracy%2Fdownloads%2FCulture%2520Handout.doc&ei=8_-BUNqKEsHHrQfI44GQDQ&usg=AFQjCNH0OeoRnLPE7J42XOmAvK0YjjsnYg. (Last Accessed on October 20th,2012). “Outline of Culture” Retrived from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_culture. (Last Accessed on October 20th,2012). “The Interaction of Culture” Retrived from http://www.sparknotes.com/sociology/society-and-culture/section7.rhtml. (Last Accessed on October 20th,2012).

The Arts – vast subdivision of culture, composed of many creative endeavors and disciplines. The arts encompasses visual arts, literary arts and the performing arts. • Gastronomy – the art and science of good eating, including the study of food and culture. • Food preparation – act of preparing foodstuffs for eating. It encompasses a vast range of methods, tools, and combinations of ingredients to improve the flavour and digestibility of food. • Food and drink • Cuisines – a cuisine is a specific set of cooking traditions and practices, often associated with a specific culture. • Chocolate – raw or processed food produced from the seed of the tropical Theobroma cacao tree. • Wine – alcoholic beverage, made of fermented fruit juice, usually from grapes. Literature – the art of written works. • Fiction – any form of narrative which deals, in part or in whole, with events that are not factual, but rather, imaginary and invented by its author(s). • Poetry – literary art in which language is used for its aesthetic and evocative qualities in addition to, or in lieu of, its apparent meaning. • Critical theory – examination and critique of society and culture, drawing from knowledge across the social sciences and humanities. • Visual arts – art forms that create works which are primarily visual in nature. • Architecture – The art and science of designing and erecting buildings and other physical structures. • Classical architecture – architecture of classical antiquity and later architectural styles influenced by it. • Crafts – recreational activities and hobbies that involve making things with one’s hands and skill. • Drawing – visual art that makes use of any number of drawing instruments to mark a two-dimensional medium. • Film – moving pictures. • Painting – practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a surface with a brush or other object. • History of painting • Photography – art, science, and practice of creating pictures by recording radiation on a radiation-sensitive medium, such as a photographic film, or electronic image sensors. • Sculpture – three-dimensional artwork created by shaping or combining hard materials - typically stone such as marble - or metal, glass, or wood. Performing arts – those forms of art that use the artist’s own body, face, and presence as a medium. • Dance – art form of movement of the body, usually rhythmic and to music, used as a form of expression, social interaction, or presented in a spiritual or performance setting. • Film – moving pictures, the art form that records performances visually. • Theatre – collaborative form of fine art that uses live performers to present the experience of a real or imagined event before a live audience in a specific place. • Music – art form the medium of which is sound and silence. • Music genres • Jazz – musical style that originated at the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States, mixing African and European music traditions. • Opera – art form in which singers and musicians perform a dramatic work combining text (called a libretto) and musical score. • Musical instruments – devices created or adapted for the purpose of making musical sounds. • Guitars – the guitar is a plucked string instrument, usually played with fingers or a pick. The guitar consists of a body with a rigid neck to which the strings, generally six in number, are attached. Guitars are traditionally constructed of various woods and strung with animal gut or, more recently, with either nylon or steel strings. • Stagecraft – technical aspects of theatrical, film, and video production. It includes, but is not limited to, constructing and rigging scenery, hanging and focusing of lighting, design and procurement of costumes, makeup, procurement of props, stage management, and recording and mixing of sound. • Celebration – • Festivals – entertainment events centering on and celebrating a unique aspect of a community, usually staged by that community. • Entertainment – any activity which provides a diversion or permits people to amuse themselves in their leisure time. Entertainment is generally passive, such as watching opera or a movie. • Fiction – any form of narrative which deals, in part or in whole, with events that are not factual, but rather, imaginary and invented by its author(s). • James Bond – fictional character created in 1953 by writer Ian Fleming. Since then, the character has grown to icon status, featured in many novels, movies, video games and other media. • Fantasy – genre of fiction using magic and the supernatural as primary elements of plot, theme or setting, often in imaginary worlds, generally avoiding the technical/scientific content typical of Science fiction, but overlapping with it • Middle-earth – fantasy setting by writer J.R.R. Tolkien, home to hobbits, orcs, and many other mystical races and creatures. • Science fiction – a genre of fiction dealing with imaginary but more or less plausible (or at least nonsupernatural) content such as future settings, futuristic science and technology, space travel, aliens, and paranormal abilities. Exploring the consequences of scientific innovations is one purpose of science fiction, making it a “literature of ideas”. • Games – structured playing, usually undertaken for enjoyment, involving goals, rules, challenge, and interaction. • Board games • Chess – two-player board game played on a chessboard, a square-checkered board with 64 squares arranged in an eight-by-eight grid. Each player begins the game with sixteen pieces: One king, one queen, two rooks, two knights, two bishops, and eight pawns. • Card games • Poker – family of card games that share betting rules and usually (but not always) hand rankings. • Video games – electronic games that involves interaction with a user interface to generate visual feedback on a video device. • Sports – organized, competitive, entertaining, and skillful activity requiring commitment, strategy, and fair play, in which a winner can be defined by objective means. Generally speaking, a sport is a game based in physical athleticism. • Ball games • Basketball – team sport in which two teams of five players try to score points by throwing or “shooting” a ball through the top of a basketball hoop while following a set of rules. • Cricket – bat-and-ball team sport, the most popular form played on an oval-shaped outdoor arena known as a cricket field at the centre of which is a rectangular 22-yard (20.12 m) long pitch that is the focus of the game. • Tennis – sport usually played between two players (singles) or between two teams of two players each (doubles), using specialized racquets to strike a felt-covered hollow rubber ball over a net into the opponent’s court. • Canoeing and kayaking – two closely related forms of watercraft paddling, involving manually propelling and navigating specialized boats called canoes and kayaks using a blade that is joined to a shaft, known as a paddle, in the water. • Combat sports • Fencing – family of combat sports using bladed weapons. It is also known as French swordfighting or French swordfencing. • Martial arts – extensive systems of codified practices and traditions of combat, practiced for a variety of reasons, including self-defense, competition, physical health and fitness, as well as mental and spiritual development. • Motorcycling – riding a motorcycle. A variety of subcultures and lifestyles have been built up around motorcycling and motorcycle racing. • Running – moving rapidly on foot, during which both feet are off the ground at regular intervals. • Humanities – academic disciplines that study the human condition, using methods that are primarily analytical, critical, or speculative, as distinguished from the mainly empirical approaches of the natural sciences. • Area studies – comprehensive interdisciplinary research and academic study of the people and communities of particular regions. Disciplines applied include history, political science, sociology, cultural studies, languages, geography, literature, and related disciplines. • Sinology – study of China and things related to China, such as its classical language and literature. • Classical studies – branch of the Humanities comprising the languages, literature, philosophy, history, art, archaeology and all other cultural elements of the ancient Mediterranean world (Bronze Age ca. BC 3000 – Late Antiquity ca. AD 300–600); especially Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. The Difference Between Culture and Civilization Civilization in theory is bigger than culture in which an entire civilization can encompass one single unit of culture. Civilization is a bigger unit than culture because it is a complex aggregate of the society that dwells within a certain area, along with its forms of government, norms, and even culture. Thus, culture is just a spec or a portion of an entire civilization. For example, the Egyptian civilization has an Egyptian culture in the same way as the Greek civilization has their Greek culture. A culture ordinarily exists within a civilization. In this regard, each civilization can contain not only one but several cultures. Comparing culture and civilization is like showing the difference between language and the country to which it is being used. Culture can exist in itself whereas civilization cannot be called a civilization if it does not possess a certain culture. It’s just like asking how a nation can exist on its own without the use of a medium of communication. Hence, a civilization will become empty if it does not have its culture, no matter how little it is. Culture can be something that is tangible and it can also be something that isn’t. Culture can become a physical material if it is a product of the beliefs, customs and practices of a certain people with a definite culture. But a civilization is something that can be seen as a whole and it is more or less tangible although its basic components, like culture, can be immaterial. Culture can be learned and in the same manner it can also be transmitted from one generation to the next. Using a medium of speech and communication, it is possible for a certain type of culture to evolve and even be inherited by another group of people. On the other hand, civilization cannot be transferred by mere language alone. Because of its complexity and magnitude, you need to transfer all of the raw aggregates of a civilization for it to be entirely passed on. It just grows, degrades and may eventually end if all its subunits will fail. Definition Culture According to Experts • Sir E. B. Tylor, in the opening lines of his book Primitive Cultures (1871): “Culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, customs and other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society”. • Margaret Mead (1901-1978): Culture is the learned behaviour of a society or a subgroup. • Clifford Geertz (1926-2006): Culture is simply the ensemble of stories we tell ourselves about ourselves. • Raymond Williams (1921-1988, Cultural Studies): Culture is ordinary: that is the first fact. Every human society has its own shape, its own purposes, its own meanings. Every human society expresses these, in institutions, and in arts and learning. • During, S. (1993): Culture is a notoriously ambiguous concept as the above definition demonstrates. Refracted through centuries of usage, the word has acquired a number of quite different, often contradictory, meanings. More specifically, since the end of the eighteenth century, it has been used by English intellectuals and literary figures to focus critical attention on a whole range of controversial issues. • Hall, S. (Ed.) (1997): ‘Culture’ is one of the most difficult concepts in the human and social sciences and there are many different ways of defining it. In more traditional definitions of the term, culture is said to embody the ‘best that has been thought and said’ in a society. It is the sum of the great ideas, as represented in the classic works of literature, painting, music and philosophy – the ‘high culture’ of an era. • Edward Burnett Tylor (1832-1917 Anthropology): “Culture taken, in its wide ethnographic sense is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society. The conditions of culture among the various societies of mankind, in so far as it is capable of being investigated on general principles, is a subject apt for the study of laws of human thought and action”. • Franz Boas (1858-1942, Anthropology): “Culture embraces all the manifestations of social habits of a community, the reactions of the individual as affected by the habits of the group in which he lives, and the product of human activities as determined by these habits.” Definition Cultural Interaction and Example Cultural Interaction is a complex process, involving different human beings within different formations. It is an interactive process between two or more partners. When many different cultures live together in one society, misunderstandings, biases, and judgments are inevitable—but fair evaluations, relationships, and learning experiences are also possible. Cultures cannot remain entirely separate, no matter how different they are, and the resulting effects are varied and widespread. Ethnocentrism is the tendency to judge another culture by the standards of one’s own culture. Ethnocentrism usually entails the notion that one’s own culture is superior to everyone else’s. Example: Americans tend to value technological advancement, industrialization, and the accumulation of wealth. An American, applying his or her own standards to a culture that does not value those things, may view that culture as “primitive” or “uncivilized.” Such labels are not just statements but judgments: they imply that it is better to be urbanized and industrialized than it is to carry on another kind of lifestyle. People in other cultures, such as some European cultures, also see American culture through the lens of their own ethnocentrism. To members of other cultures, Americans may seem materialistic, brash, or arrogant, with little intellectual subtlety or spirituality. Many Americans would disagree with that assessment. Bibliography Arlt, Herbert. “Culture, Civilization and Human Society – Vol. II – Cultural Interaction” Retrived from http://www.eolss.net/Sample-Chapters/C04/E6-23-04.pdf. (Last Accessed on October 20th,2012). http://www.google.co.id/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CCEQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nca.edu.pk%2Fcultural%2Fculturedemocracy%2Fdownloads%2FCulture%2520Handout.doc&ei=8_-BUNqKEsHHrQfI44GQDQ&usg=AFQjCNH0OeoRnLPE7J42XOmAvK0YjjsnYg. (Last Accessed on October 20th,2012). “Outline of Culture” Retrived from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_culture. (Last Accessed on October 20th,2012). “The Interaction of Culture” Retrived from http://www.sparknotes.com/sociology/society-and-culture/section7.rhtml. (Last Accessed on October 20th,2012).

Nowadays, internet has been an important thing in human life. from little child, teenagers, and adult know internet. but, mostly, teenagers use internet just for social network. the biggest social network in the world now is facebook and twitter. these are commonly used by them everyday.
but, like everything, social network has its own effects. From benefits until its risks. This social network makes teenagers addicted about it, everytime, everywhere, from their gadged, like their laptop, their tablet, even their cellphone, they play that social network. From some research, these are the bad effects:
- teens who use Facebook more often show more narcissistic tendencies while young adults who have a strong Facebook presence show more signs of other psychological disorders, including antisocial behaviors, mania and aggressive tendencies.
- Facebook can be distracting and can negatively impact learning. Studies found that middle school, high school and college students who checked Facebook at least once during a 15-minute study period achieved lower grades.
- Daily overuse of media and technology has a negative effect on the health of all children, preteens and teenagers by making them more prone to anxiety, depression, and other psychological disorders, as well as by making them more susceptible to future health problems.
and these are the benefefits of social network:
- young adults who spend more time on Facebook are better at showing "virtual empathy" to their online friends.
- Online social networking can help introverted adolescents learn how to socialize behind the safety of various screens, ranging from a two-inch smartphone to a 17-inch laptop.
- Social networking can provide tools for teaching in compelling ways that engage young students

So, beside social network has its own risks, it has its own benefits too. As long as we use social network properly, we will prevent risks from social network.

SOURCE
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/08/110806203538.htm


Nama: Ibnu Martanto
NPM: 11609392
Kelas: 3SA02

"No.
" "Nama
" "Usia
" "Alamat
" "jenis kerja
" "Jenis Kelamin
"

1.  Agus Rahman 50 Bukit Indah Blok K1/9 02/07 Pegawai Swasta Direktur Pertanian Pria
2.  Hanityo 45 Bukit Indah Blok K1/7 02/07  Pegawai Swasta Pilot Garuda Pria
3.  Hari Kuntarso 52 Bukit Indah blok J 4/ 11 02/07 Wirausaha   warung  Pria 
4.  Nurnowo 48 Bukit Indah blok K1  Pegawai Negri  PNS Pria
5.  Ibu Yuni 42 Bukit Indah Blok J4/3 02/07  Wirausaha Bisnis Laundry Wanita
6. Kasimun 45 Jl. Mawar IV blok G5/16 Pegawai Negri POLRI Pria
7. H. Hamzah 55 Jl. Mawar IV blok G5/20 Pegawai Negri Kepala TU Pria
8. Hartadi 43 Jl. Mawar IV blok G4/10 Pegawai Swasta Kontraktor Pria
9. H. Sugeng S 63 Jl. Mawar IV Raya Pegawai Swasta Direktur Perusahaan Pria
10. Heri Mulyanto 56 Jl. Mawar IV blok G4/16 Pegawai Swasta Kontraktor Pria
11. Sian Susanto 28 kp. Leuweng malang rt 01/03 Pegawai Negri Guru Pria
12. H. Sanen 50 kp. Leuweng malang rt 01/03 Wirausaha   Pengusaha batu bata Pria
13. Hj. Apon 38 kp. Leuweng malang rt 01/03 Wirausaha   Pengusaha limbah Wanita
14. Siti Kartika 33 kp. Leuweng malang rt 01/03 Wirausaha   Pemilik butik Wanita
15. Ujang 35 kp. Leuweng malang rt 01/03 Wirausaha   warung klontong Pria
16. Hj. Hilaliyah 56 Gg. Kober rt 03/04 Pegawai Swasta Bidan Wanita
17. H. Shomad 75 Gg. Kober rt 03/04 Wirausaha   pengusaha kontrakan Pria
18. Ruwaidah 40 Gg. Kober rt 03/04 Wirausaha   Pemilik salon Wanita
19. Indra Irawan 25 Gg. Kober rt 03/04 Pegawai Negri Guru Pria
20. Warsono 45 Gg. Kober rt 03/04 Wirausaha   Pengusaha kedai bakso Pria
21. Jaka Munawar 28 Jl. Tidore dlm II No. D 18 Wirausaha   Konter pulsa Pria
22. Mamat 53 Jl. Tidore dlm II No. 14 Wirausaha   Warung sembako Pria
23. Ibu Iin 38 Jl. Tidore dlm II No. 18 Pegawai Negri Guru Wanita
24. Januar Darma 28 Jl. Tidore dlm II No. A 20 Pegawai Negri Pemadam kebakaran Pria
25. Yuliawati 24 Jl. Tidore dlm II No. A 20 Karyawati swasta Administrasi Wanita

Rata-rata Usia : 37
Jenis Kelamin :
Pria 18 75%
Wanita 7 25%
Jenis Kerja : Pegawai Swasta : 7 28%
Pegawai Negri : 7 28%
Wirausaha : 11 44%

PEMBIAYAAN USAHA BARU





2 SA 02

Feby Brilianto
Ibnu Martanto
Octa Filia Wati
Rahayu Astuti
Yuli Octavia




DAFTAR ISI :

Daftar Isi ........................................................................... 1BAB 1
DEFINISI PEMBIAYAAN……………................……..…….… 2
Prinsip Pembiayaan ................................................................. 2

BAB 2
BAGAIMANA PEMBIAYAAN .................................................. 4
Modal Usaha ............................................................................ 4
Lembaga Modal ....................................................................... 6

BAB 3
MENGAPA PEMBIAYAAN DILAKUKAN ............................ 13
Tujuan Pembiayaan ............................................................... 14
Jenis-Jenis Pembiayaan ......................................................... 15
Masalah-masalah Pembiayaan .............................................. 16

Referensi ..................................................................................... 18





BAB 1
DEFINISI PEMBIAYAAN

Dalam arti sempit, pembiayaan dipakai untuk mendefinisikan pendanaan yang dilakukan oleh lembaga pembiayaan seperti bank syariah kepada nasabah. Pembiayaan secara luas berarti financing atau pembelanjaan yaitu pendanaan yang dikeluarkan untuk mendukung investasi yang telah direncanakan, baik dilakukan sendiri maupun dikerjakan oleh orang lain.
Menurut M. Syafi’I Antonio menjelaskan bahwa pembiayaan merupakan salah satu tugas pokok bank yaitu pemberian fasilitas dana untuk memenuhi kebutuhan pihak-pihak yang merupakan deficit unit. Sedangkan menurut UU No. 10 tahun 1998 tentang Perbankan menyatakan Pembiayaan berdasarkan prinsip syariah adalah penyediaan uang atau tagihan yang dipersamakan dengan itu berdasarkan persetujuan atau kesepakatan antara bank dengan pihak lain yang mewajibkan pihak yang dibiayai untuk mengembalikan uang atau tagihan tersebut setelah jangka waktu tertentu dengan imbalan atau bagi hasil.
Pembiayaan adalah suatu modal yang deiperlukan untuk membuat suatu usaha. Pembiayaan sendiri merupakan hal yang paling vital dalam pembuatan usaha baru. Yang paling utama pembiayaan biasanya menggunakan uang modal, terkadang modal yang besar dibutuhkan untuk membuat suatu usaha baru. Namun tidak sedikit pula usaha yang mebutuhkan modal kecil tapi menghasilkan keuntungan yang besar. Modal ventura adalah salah satu contoh modal yang ada,
Prinsip – Prinsip Pemberian Pembiayaan
Dalam melakukan penilaian permohonan pembiayaan bank syariah bagian marketing harus memperhatikan beberapa prinsip utama yang berkaitan dengan kondisi secara keseluruhan calon nasabah. Di dunia perbankan syariah prinsip penilaian dikenal dengan 5 C + 1 S , yaitu :
a. Character
Yaitu penilaian terhadap karakter atau kepribadian calon penerima pembiayaan dengan tujuan untuk memperkirakan kemungkinan bahwa penerima pembiayaan dapat memenuhi kewajibannya.
b. Capacity
Yaitu penilaian secara subyektif tentang kemampuan penerima pembiayaan untuk melakukan pembayaran. Kemampuan diukur dengan catatan prestasi penerima pembiayaan di masa lalu yang didukung dengan pengamatan di lapangan atas sarana usahanya seperti toko, karyawan, alat-alat, pabrik serta metode kegiatan.
c. Capital
Yaitu penilaian terhadap kemampuan modal yang dimiliki oleh calon penerima pembiayaan yang diukur dengan posisi perusahaan secara keseluruhan yang ditujukan oleh rasio finansial dan penekanan pada komposisi modalnya.
d. Collateral
Yaitu jaminan yang dimiliki calon penerima pembiayaan. Penilaian ini bertujuan untuk lebih meyakinkan bahwa jika suatu resiko kegagalan pembayaran tercapai terjadi , maka jaminan dapat dipakai sebagai pengganti dari kewajiban.
e. Condition
Bank syariah harus melihat kondisi ekonomi yang terjadi di masyarakat secara spesifik melihat adanya keterkaitan dengan jenis usaha yang dilakukan oleh calon penerima pembiayaan. Hal tersebut karena kondisi eksternal berperan besar dalam proses berjalannya usaha calon penerima pembiayaan.
f. Syariah
Penilaian ini dilakukan untuk menegaskan bahwa usaha yang akan dibiayaai benar-benar usaha yang tidak melanggar syariah sesuai dengan fatwa DSN “Pengelola tidak boleh menyalahi hukum syariah Islam dalam tindakannya yang berhubungan dengan mudharabah.”




BAB 2
BAGAIMANA PEMBIAYAAN DILAKUKAN

A. Modal Usaha
Pembiayaan bisa dilakukan dengan berbagai cara, salah satunya adalah dengan memberikan modal. Salah satunya adalah modal ventura.
Modal Ventura adalah suatu modal (keuangan) yang biasanya disediakan bagi usaha-usaha baru yang berpotensial tinggi, dengan tujuan untuk mendapatkan keuntungan investasi tinggi. Modal Ventura disediakan oleh Kapitalis Ventura atau dalam bahasa asingnya, Venture Capitalist (VC). Sebagai timbal-balik dari investasi, Kapitalis Ventura akan mengambil bagian di kepemilikan perusahaan anda. Keuntungan diperoleh investor ketika perusahaan berada di bursa saham atau bila perusahaan menghasilkan keuntungan.
Modal Ventura berasal dari sekelompok investor yang mengumpulkan uang bersama di dalam Dana Ventura dan menginvestasikan dana itu untuk wiraswasta-wiraswasta yang berpotensial tinggi. Modal Ventura bisa juga berasal dari pihak-pihak kaya yang memulai usaha mereka sebagai wiraswasta. Bentuk pembiayaan ini menarik banyak bisnis baru yang belum lama beroperasi dan terlalu kecil untuk mengumpulkan dana di pasar umum (seperti surat obligasi) dan tidak terkualifikasi untuk mengambil pinjaman bank.
Hal-hal penting yang perlu diketahui tentang Modal Ventura
Bila anda memberikan sebagian dari kepemilikan perusahaan anda sebagai ganti dari pembiayaan usaha, anda berarti menerima partner bisnis baru. Menemukan Kapitalis Ventura yang dapat bekerja sama dengan anda sangat penting. Mereka tidak hanya memberikan anda modal, tetapi juga membagi pengalaman mereka dan koneksi di dunia bisnis.
Untuk mendapatkan pembiayaan bisnis, anda harus mampu untuk mempresentasikan bisnis anda secara professional. Tepatnya, anda memerlukan rencana pemasaran yang menunjukkan bahwa anda dapat menghasilkan keuntungan tinggi. Kesalahan-kesalahan umum yang terjadi adalah di mana pengusaha tidak mengetahui tujuan bisnis dan bidang usaha mereka. Sebelum anda mengajukan permintaan modal ventura, sebaiknya anda memikirkan dan merencanakan usaha anda selama beberapa bulan.
Di mana kita dapat menemukan Modal Ventura?
Indonesia adalah pasar yang berkembang untuk Modal Ventura. Salah satu tempat yang bisa anda cari adalah yellow pages, di mana anda bisa menemukan daftar perusahaan-perusahaan Modal Ventura seperti contohnya di Jalan Sudirman atau sekitar Indonesia.
Beberapa perusahaan seperti:
- Pertamina
- Perusahaan Gas Negara (PGN)
- Bahana Artha Ventura (BAV)
- PT Venture Capital
- Bina Swadaya
- Kospin Jasa
Sumber lainnya adalah perusahaan yang dimiliki oleh negara, yaitu “Permodalan Nasional Madani.” Salah satu jalan untuk menemukan sumber-sumber pembiayaan adalah melalui kontak bisnis di universitas-universitas. Profesor-profesor di program-program bisnis biasanya mempunyai hubungan dengan berbagai sumber.
B. Melalui Lembaga Modal

Lembaga Pembiayaan adalah badan usaha yang melakukan kegiatan pembiayaan dalam bentuk penyediaan dana atau barang modal dengan tidak menarik dana secara langsung dari masyarakat. Lembaga pembiayaan adalah badan usaha yang didirikan secara khusus untuk melakukan kegiatan termasuk dalam bidang usaha lembaga pembiayaan.
a. Perusahaan Sewa Guna Usaha (Leasing Company)
b. Perusahaan Modal Ventura (Ventura Capital Company)
c. Perusahaan Perdagangan Surat Berharga (Securities Company)
d. Perusahaan Anjak Piutang (Factoring Company)
e. Kegiatan Perusahaan Kartu Kredit (Credit Card Company)
f. Perusahaan Pembiayaan Konsumen (Consumers Finance Company)

Perusahaan Sewa Guna Usaha (Leasing Company)
Perusahaan Sewa Guna Usaha (Leasing Company) adalah badan usaha yang melakukan kegiatan pembiayaan dalam bentuk penyediaan barang modal baik secara Finance Lease maupun Operating Lease untuk digunakan oleh Penyewa Guna Usaha selama jangka waktu tertentu berdasarkan pembayaran secara berkala.
Finance Lease adalah kegiatan Sewa Guna Usaha, dimana Penyewa Guna Usaha pada akhir masa kontrak mempunyai hak opsi untuk membeli objek sewa guna usaha berdasarkan nilai sisa yang disepakati bersama.
Operating Lease adalah kegiatan Sewa Guna Usaha dimana Penyewa Guna Usaha tidak mempunyai hak opsi untuk membeli objek sewa guna usaha.
Penyewa Guna Usaha (Lessee)
Penyewa Guna Usaha (Lessee) adalah perusahaan atau perorangan yang menggunakan barang modal dengan pembiayaan dari pihak Perusahaan Sewa Guna Usaha (Lessor)

Barang Modal
Yang dimaksud dengan barang modal adalah setiap aktiva tetap berwujud, termasuk tanah sepanjang di atas tanah tersebut melekat aktiva tetap berupa bangunan (plant), dan tanah serta aktiva yang dimaksud merupakan satu kesatuan pemilikan, yang mempunyai masa manfaat lebih dari 1 (satu) tahun dan digunakan secara langsung untuk menghasilkan, atau meningkatkan, atau memperlancar produksi dan distribusi barang dan jasa oleh Lessee.

Kegiatan Perusahaan Sewa Guna Usaha (Leasing Company)
Kegiatan Sewa Guna Usaha dilakukan dalam bentuk pengadaan barang modal bagi penyewa Penyewa Guna Usaha, baik dengan maupun tanpa hak opsi untuk membeli barang tersebut. Dalam kegiatannnya sebagaimana dimaksud di atas, pengadaan barang modal dapat juga dilakukan dengan cara membeli barang milik Penyewa Guna Usaha yang kemudian disewa gunakan kembali. Sepanjang perjanjian sewa guna usaha masih berlaku, hak milik atas barang midal objek transaksi sewa guna usaha berada pada perusahaan sewa guna usaha.

Perusahaan Modal Ventura (Ventura Capital Company)
Perusahaan Modal Ventura (Ventura Capital Company) adalah badan usaha yang melakukan kegiatan pembiayaan dalam bentuk penyertaan modal kedalam suatu Perusahaan Pasangan Usaha (Investee Company) untuk jangka waktu tertentu.
Perusahaan Pasangan Usaha adalah bentuk penyertaan modal dari Perusahaan Modal Ventura.

Kegiatan Perusahaan Modal Ventura (Ventura Capital Company)
Kegiatan Modal Ventura dilakukan dalam bentuk penyertaan modal ke dalam suatu Perusahaan Pasangan Usaha untuk :
a. Pengembangan suatu penemuan baru
b. Pengembangan perusahaan yang pada tahap awal usahanya mengalami kesulitan dana
c. Membantu perusahaan yang berada pada tahap pengembangan
d. Membantu perusahaan yang berada dalam tahap kemunduran usaha
e. Pengembangan proyek penelitian dan rekayasa
f. Pengembangan pelbagai penggunaan teknologi baru, dan alih teknologi baik dari dalam maupun luar negeri
g. Membantu pengalihan pemilikan perusahaan

Penyertaan modal dalam setiap Perusahaan Pasangan Usaha bersifat sementara dan tidak boleh melebihi jangka waktu 10 (sepuluh) tahun.Divestasi adalah tindakan penarikan kembali penyertaan modal yang dilakukan oleh Perusahaan Modal Ventura dari Perusahaan Pasangan Usahanya.

Perusahaan Perdagangan Surat Berharga (Securities Company)
Perusahaan Perdagangan Surat Berharga (Securities Company) adalah badan usaha yang melakukan kegiatan perdagangan surat berharga. Perusahaan ini malakukan kegitan sebagai perantara dalam perdagangan surat berharga.

Perusahaan Anjak Piutang (Factoring Company)
Perusahaan Anjak Piutang (Factoring Company) adalah badan usaha yang melakukan kegiatan pembiayaan dalam bentuk pembelian dan atau pengalihan serta pengurusan piutang atau tagihan jangka pendek suatu perusahaan dari transaksi perdagangan dalam atau luar negeri.
Penjual Piutang (Klien) adalah perusahaan yang menjual dan atau mengalihkan piutang atau tagihannya yang timbul dari transaksi perdagangan kepada Perusahaan Anjak Piutang.

Kegiatan Perusahaan Anjak Piutang (Factoring Company)
Kegiatan Anjak Piutang dilakukan dalam bentuk :
a. Pembelian atau pengalihan piutang/tagihan jangka pendek dari suatu transaksi perdagangan dalam dan luar negeri.
b. Penata usahaan penjualan kredit serta penagihan pitang perusahaan klien

Perusahaan Kartu Kridit (Credit Card Company)
Perusahaan Kartu Kridit (Credit Card Company) adalah badan usaha yang melakukan kegiatan pembiayaan untuk membeli barang dan jasa dengan menggunakan kartu kredit.
Pemegang Kartu Kredit adalah nasabah yang mendapat pembiayaan dari perusahaan kartu kredit.



Kegiatan Perusahaan Kartu Kredit (Credit Card Company)
Kegiatan kartu kredit dilakukan dalam bentuk penerbitan kartu kredit yang dapat dimanfaatkan oleh pemegangnya untuk pembayaran pengadaan barang dan jasa.

Perusahaan Pembiayaan Konsumen (Consumers Finance Company)
Perusahaan Pembiayaan Konsumen (Consumers Finance Company) adalah badan usaha yang melakukan kegiatan pembiayaan untuk pengadaan barang berdasarkan kebutuhan konsumen dengan system pembayaran angsuran atau berkala oleh konsumen.

Kegiatan Perusahaan Pembiayaan Konsumen (Consumers Finance Company)
Kegiatan pembiayaan konsumen dilakukan dalam bentuk penyedia dana bagi konsumen untuk pembelian barang yang pembayarannya dilakukan secara angsuran atau berkala oleh konsumen.

Pendirian dan Perizinan
Lembaga Pembiayaan dapat dilakukan oleh :
a. Bank
b. Lembaga Keuangan Bukan Bank
c. Perusahaan Pembiayaan

Perusahaan Pembiayaan berbentuk Perseroat Terbatas (PT), saham Perusahaan Pembiayaan yang berbentuk PT dapat dimiliki oleh :
a. Warga Negara Indonesia dan atau Badan Hukum Indonesia
b. Badan Usaha Asing dan Warga Negara Indonesia atau Badan Hukum Indonesia (usaha Patungan)

Pembatasan Lembaga Pembiayaan
Perusahaan Pembiayaan dilarang menarik dana secara langsung dari masyarakat dalam bentuk :
a. Giro
b. Deposito
c. Tabungan
d. Surat Sanggup Bayar (Promissory Nota)
Perusahaan Pembiayaan dapat menerbitkan Surat Sanggup Bayar hanya sebagai jaminan atas hutang kepada bank yang menjadi krediturnya.

Pemantauan dan Pengawasan Pembiayaan
Pembiayaan adalah suatu proses, mulai dari analisis kelayakan pembiayaan sampai pada realisasinya. Namun realisasi pembiayaan bukanlah tahap terakhir dari proses pembiayaan. Setelah realisasi pembiayaan, maka pejabat bank syariah perlu melakukan pemantauan dan pengawasan pembiayaan. Aktivitas ini memiliki aspek dan tujuan tertentu. Untuk itu perlu dibicarakan hal-hal yang terkait dengan aktivitas pemantauan dan pengawasan pembiayaan.
Tujuan Pemantauan dan Pengawasan Pembiayaan
a. Kekayaan bank syariah akan selalu terpantau dan menghidari adanya penyelewengan-penyelewengan baik oknum dari luar maupun dalam bank.
b. Untuk memastikan ketelitian dan kebenaran data administrasi di bidang pembiayaan.
c. Untuk memajukan efisiensi di dalam pengelolaan tata laksana usaha di bidang peminjaman dan sasaran pencapaian yang ditetapkan.
d. Kebijakan manajemen bank syariah akan dapat lebih rapi dan mekanisme dan prosedur pembiayaan akan lebih dipatuhi.
Media Pemantauan
a. Informasi dari luar bank syariah
b. Informasi dari dalam bank syariah
c. Meneliti perputaran yang terjadi atas debit dan kredit pada beberapa bulan berjalan
d. Memberikan tanda pada laporan sehingga dapat diantisipasi jika ada kekeliruan yang lebih besar
e. Periksalah adakah tanggal-tanggal jatuh tempo yang dijanjikan terealisasi
f. Meneliti buku-buku pembantu/ tambahan dan map-map yang berkaitan dengan peminjaman.
Kunjungan Pada Peminjam
Tujuannya adalah untuk mempertimbangkan dan memantau efektivitas dana yang dimanfaatkan peminjam. Hal-hal yang dilakukan
1) Membuat laporan kegiatan peminjam
2) Laporan realisasi kerja bulanan
3) Laporan stok/ persediaan barang
4) Laporan kegiatan investasi bulanan
5) Laporan hutang dan piutang
6) Neraca R/ L per bulan, triwulan, dan semester
7) Tingkat pengumpulan pendapatan
8) Tingkat kemajuan usaha
9) Tingkat efektivitas pemakaian dana

Penanganan Pembiayaan Bermasalah
Risiko yang terjadi dari peminjaman adalah peminjaman yang tertunda atau ketidakmampuan peminjam untuk membayar kewajiban yang telah dibebankan, untuk mengantisipasi hal itu maka bank syariah harus mampu menganalisis penyebab permasalahannya.
1. analisa sebab kemacetan
a. aspek internal
1) peminjam kurang cakap dalam usaha tersebuit
2) manajemen tidak baik atau kurang rapi
3) laporan keuangan tidak lengkap
4) penggunaan dana yang tidak sesuai dengan perencanaan
5) perencanaan yang kurang matang
6) dana yang diberikan tidak cukup untuk menjalankan usaha tersebut
b. aspek eksternal
1) aspek pasar kurang mendukung
2) kemampuan daya beli masyarakat kurang
3) kebijakan pemerintah
4) pengaruh lain di luar usaha
5) kenakalan peminjam
2. Menggali potensi peminjam
Anggota yang mengalami kemacetan dalam memenuhi kewajiban harus dimotivasi untuk memulai kembali atau membenahi dan mengatisipasi penyebab kemacetan usaha atau angsuran. Untuk itu perlu digali potensi yang ada pada peminjam agar dana yang telah digunakan lebih efektif.
3. melakukan perbaikan akad (remedial)
4. memberikan pinjaman ulang, mungkin dalam bentuk : pembiayaan al-qardul hasan; Murabahah atau Mudharabah
5. Penundaan pembayaran
6. memperkecil angsuran dengan memperpanjang waktu dan akad dan margin baru (Rescheduling)
7. Memeperkecil margin keuntungan atau bagi hasil.













BAB 3
MENGAPA PEMBIAYAAN DIPERLUKAN
Tujuan Pembiayaan adalah dalam rangka pembelian persediaan bahan baku, barang setengah jadi dan barang jadi (ready stock) yang akan digunakan untuk proses produksi atau pembelian barang untuk dijual kembali dalam rangka kegiatan ekspor. Sedangkan Pembiayaan modal kerja ekspor dengan prinsip Ijarah adalah untuk penyewaan barang (misal: peralatan, mesin, bangunan) dalam rangka pemenuhan kebutuhan modal kerja Nasabah Eksportir. Usaha Nasabah Eksportir bukan termasuk jenis usaha terlarang, tidak melanggar prinsip syariah seperti minuman keras, rokok dan tidak melanggar ketentuan hukum Indonesia, seperti: narkoba, penyelundupan, dan lain-lain.
Valuta Pembiayaan Modal Kerja adalah dalam Rupiah atau dalam Valuta Asing yang disetujui oleh Indonesia Eximbank. Bentuk Pembiayaan :
1. Pembiayaan Modal Kerja Transaksional, adalah Pembiayaan Modal Kerja yang diberikan
berdasarkan kebutuhan modal kerja untuk satu siklus usaha atau PMK berdasarkan adanya kontrak kerja yang dilakukan Nasabah Eksportir dengan pihak lain yang selesai dengan berakhirnya masa kontrak kerja tersebut.
2. Pembiayaan Modal Kerja Non Transaksional, adalah Pembiayaan Modal Kerja yang diberikan
untuk memenuhi kebutuhan transaksi Nasabah Eksportir yang bersifat revolving maupun non
revolving. Jangka waktu Pembiayaan Modal Kerja Ekspor adalah sampai dengan 1 (satu) tahun atau sesuai dengan siklus usaha Nasabah Eksportir, atau jangka waktu proyeksi cash flow yang ditetapkan, dan dapat diperpanjang sesuai kebutuhan Untuk syarat dan ketentuan lainnya mengacu kepada pedoman operasional fasilitas Pembiayaan Modal Kerja Ekspor yang berlaku di Divisi Syariah serta Perjanjian Pembiayaan yang telah ditandatangani antara Nasabah Eksportir dan Indonesia Eximbank.

4) Tujuan dan Fungsi Pembiayaan
a. Tujuan Pembiayaan
Tujuan pembiayaan berdasarkan prinsip syariah adalah untuk meningkatkan kesempatan kerja dan kesejahteraan ekonomi sesuai dengan nilai-nilai Islam. Pembiayaan tersebut harus dapat dinikmati oleh sebanyak-banyaknya pengusaha yang bergerak dibidang industri, pertanian, dan perdagangan untuk menunjang kesempatan kerja dan menunjang produksi dan distribusi barang-barang dan jasa-jasa dalam rangka memenuhi kebutuhan dalam negeri maupun ekspor.
b. Fungsi pembiayaan
Keberadaan bank syariah yang menjalankan pembiayaan berdasarkan prinsip syariah bukan hanya untuk mencari keuntungan dan meramaikan bisnis perbankan di Indonesia, tetapi juga untuk menciptakan lingkungan bisnis yang aman, diantaranya :
1. Memberikan pembiayaan dengan prinsip syariah yang menerapkan sistem bagi hasil yang tidak memberatkan debitur.
2. Membantu kaum dhuafa yang tidak tersentuh oleh bank konvensional karena tidak mampu memenuhi persyaratan yang ditetapkan oleh bank konvensional.
3. Membantu masyarakat ekonomi lemah yang selalu dipermainkan oleh rentenir dengan membantu melalui pendanaan untuk usaha yang dilakukan
5). Jenis – Jenis Pembiayaan
1. Berdasarkan Tujuan Penggunaannya, dibedakan dalam :
a. Pembiayaan Modal Kerja, yakni pembiayaan yang ditujukan untuk memberikan modal usaha seperti antara lain pembelian bahan baku atau barang yang akan diperdagangkan.
b. Pembiayaan Investasi, yakni pembiayaan yang ditujukan untuk modal usaha pembelian sarana alat produksi dan atau pembelian barang modal berupa aktiva tetap / investaris.
c. Pembiayaan Konsumtif, yakni pembiayaan yang ditujukan untuk pembelian suatu barang yang digunakan untuk kepentingan perseorangan ( pribadi ).
2. Berdasarkan Cara Pembayaran / Angsuran Bagi Hasil, dibedakan dalam:
a. Pembiayaan Dengan Angsuran Pokok dan Bagi Hasil Periodik, yakni angsuran untuk jenis pokok dan bagi hasil dibayar / diangsur tiap periodik yang telah ditentukan misalnya bulanan.
b. Pembiayaan Dengan Bagi Hasil Angsuran Pokok Periodik dan Akhir, yakni untuk bagi hasil dibayar / diangsur tiap periodik sedangkan pokok dibayar sepenuhnya pada saat akhir jangka waktu angsuran
c. Pembiayaan Dengan Angsuran Pokok dan Bagi Hasil Akhir, yakni untuk pokok dan bagi hasil dibayar pada saat akhir jangka waktu pembayaran, dengan catatan jangka waktu maksimal satu bulan.
3. Metode Hitung Angsuran yang akan digunakan. Ada tiga metode yang ditawarkan yaitu :
a. Efektif, yakni angsuran yang dibayarkan selama periode angsuran. Tipe ini adalah angsuran pokok pembiayaan meningkat dan bagi hasil menurun dengan total sama dalam periode angsuran.
b. Flat, yakni angsuran pokok dan margin merata untuk setiap periode
c. Sliding, yakni angsuran pokok pembiyaan tetap dan bagi hasilnya menurun mengikuti sisa pembiayaan ( outstanding )
4. Berdasarkan Jangka Waktu Pemberiannya, dibedakan dalam
a. Pembiayaan dengan Jangka Waktu Pendek umumnya dibawah 1 tahun
b. Pembiayaan dengan Jangka Waktu Menengah umumnya sama dengan 1 tahun
c. Pembiayaan dengan Jangka Waktu Panjang, umumnya diatas 1 tahun sampai dengan 3 tahun.
d. Pembiayaan dengan jangka waktu diatas tiga tahun dalam kasus yang tertentu seperti untuk pembiayaan investasi perumahan, atau penyelamatan pembiayaan

5. Berdasarkan Sektor Usaha yang dibiayai
a. Pembiayaan Sektor Perdagangan (contoh : pasar, toko kelontong, warung sembako dll.)
b. Pembiayaan Sektor Industri (contoh : home industri; konfeksi, sepatu)
6. Pembiyaan konsumtif, kepemilikan kendaraan bermotor (contoh : motor , mobil dll.) Pembiayaan Berdasarkan Syariah Islam.

Masalah-Masalah Pembiayaan
Masalah yang dihadapi berkaitan dengan kesulitan yang bisanya dihadapi wiraswastawan diantaranya:
1. Kinerja atau konsep perusahaan yang meragukan
2. Kegagalan perusahaan untuk menindaklanjuti
3. Kurangnya pengalaman dan ketajaman bisnis
4. Preferensi dari pemodal
5. Kurangnya hubungan dengan sumber-sumber modal.
Dalam menentukan pembiayaan modal, wiraswasta harus menentukan jumlah dana maupun waktu yang dibutuhkan, disamping proyeksi penjualan dan pertumbuhan perusahaan. Perusahaan menengah kecil biasanya kesulitan modal usaha berbeda dengan perusahaan besar yang mempunyai potensi untuk berkembang. Tahapan pendanaan pengembangan bisnis adalah:
1. Pendanaan tahap awal
2. Pendanaan ekspansi atau perkembangan
3. Pembiayaan akuisisi dan laveraged buyouts.
Pembiayaan tahap awal biasanya sangat sulit dan sangat mahal didapatkan. Sedangkan pembiayaan ekspansi dan perkembangan lebih mudah diperoleh. Pembiayaan dalam pengembangan bisnis sifatnya lebih spesifik.
Untuk mendapatkan modal perlu mengetahui berapa banyak kebutuhan finansial perusahaan. Perencanaan fasilitas terdiri dari likuiditas dan laba yang dipusatkan pada perencanaan aliran kas perusahaan dimasa depan. Proyeksi laba juga memiliki keabsahan independent sebagai laporan rugi laba dimasa depan.
Uang merupakan bentuk kekuasaan yang fleksibel, tetapi cara untuk mendapatkan kekuasaan tersebut bisa dilakukan dengan cari lain. Pembagian kepemilikan saham merupakan cara lain untuk mengganti pengeluaran uang dengan pembagian sejumlah tertentu saham untuk menarik orang yang mungkin keahliannya sangat dibutuhkan oleh perusahaan.
Sebagian besar investor pemodal mempunyai ketidaksukaan yang besar terhadap resiko. Prosedur analisa dan penyaringan yang dilakukan investor untuk meminimalisasi dua jenis resiko:
1. Resiko tidak dikenalnya wiraswastaan yang menyebabkan hilangnya modal
2. Resiko hilangnya waktu yang digunakan untuk proyek yang tidak produktif









REFERENSI

http://elearning.gunadarma.ac.id/docmodul/kewirausahaan/bab3-pembiayaan_usaha_baru_yang_berkembang.pdf
- 18/2/2011 – 20.56

http://budiwiyono.com/2009/11/05/pembiayaan-bisnis-dengan-modal-ventura/
- 18/2/2011 – 20.59

http://kewiraswastaan.wordpress.com/2010/12/14/pembiayaan-usaha-baru/
- 18/2/2011 – 21.05


http://gokmat20.blogspot.com/2010/07/definisi-pembiayaan.html
- 9/3/2011 – 12.15

Atasi Bencana dengan Kesetiakawanan Sosial
Nilai-nilai kesetiakawanan sosial dapat menjadi kekuatan paling besar untuk menyelesaikan masalah bencana yang sering terjadi di Indonesia."Kita memiliki modal dasar berupa nilai-nilai gotong royong yang sampai saat ini masih hidup dalam masyarakat. Nilai gotong royong yang merupakan wujud kesetiakawanan sosial itu sangat berguna ketika terjadi bencana.
Yang terpenting adalah bagaimana mengelola potensi gotong royong dan kearifan lokal yang ada di setiap daerah untuk mengatasi berbagai persoalan yang terjadi, termasuk ketika terjadi bencana.
Indonesia memiliki modal sosial yang sangat heterogen berupa etnis, bahasa dan wilayah yang luas. Karena itu kita membutuhkan satu sistem yang lebih hebat dibandingkan sistem-sistem yang sudah pernah ditawarkan sebelumnya guna mengatasi bencana.
Ada empat pendekatan yang harus diperhatikan ketika terjadi bencana. Pertama, yang harus dilakukan adalah menyamakan cara pandang bahwa Indonesia terletak di kawasan yang rawan bencana sehingga masyarakat harus selalu siap sedia menghadapi bencana. Kedua, kegiatan penanggulangan bencana harus berubah dari yang sifatnya kedaruratan menjadi retroaktif, sesuai dengan perkembangan jaman.
Penanggulangan bencana tidak bisa dilakukan secara parsial melainkan harus komprehensif. Ini terkait sifat bencana yang tidak bisa diprediksi kapan akan terjadi. Kini kita punya satu sistem yang akan diimplementasikan ke masyarakat, yang harus dilaksanakan bersama-sama oleh masyarakat.
Sementara itu Profesor BambangTriadji. Guru Besar Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Ageng Tirtayasa mengatakan, nilai-nilai kesetiakawanan sosial perlu dibangkitkan kembali dalam rangka menumbuhkan kepedulian terhadap sesama, khususnya ketika terjadi bencana.
Kita tentu saja perlu mengingatkan para pemimpin negeri tentang tugas lain yang tak kalah penting yakni pemberdayaan masyarakat. Aksi sosial seperti pengobatan gratis memang membantu masyarakat tetapi tidak mungkin berlangsung terus-menerus karena bisa meninabobokan masyarakat.

Pendekatan sinterklas dalam jangka panjang justru memperlemah daya juang masyarakat. Mereka akan senantiasa menunggu uluran tangan orang lain manakala ditimpa kesulitan. Kemandirian sirna. Itu yang tidak kita kehendaki. Tugas dan tanggung jawab pemerintah yang utama adalah membentuk masyarakat mandiri melalui terobosan program pemberdayaan. Sayangnya program semacam itu belum kita lihat sedang dikerjakan dengan sungguh-sungguh.
Solidaritas memang salah satu aset sosial bangsa ini. Aset yang sangat berharga dan kita syukuri karena masih bertahan dalam keseharian masyarakat dengan format yang unik dan beragam. Warga masyarakat dengan caranya masing-masing suka menolong atau membantu sesama yang membutuhkan.

Sejarah Indonesia telah membuktikan betapa kesetiakawanan sosial itu mampu menjadikan bangsa ini tetap tangguh dalam situasi yang sangat buruk sekalipun. Dan membuktikan Indonesia adalah bangsa besar yang selalu dapat mengatasi bencana alam dengan kebersamaan, dengan gotong royong, dan dengan kesetiakawanan yang tinggi.